The Qianling Mausoleum (pinyin: Qiánlíng) is a Tang Dynasty (618–907) tomb site located in Qian County, Shaanxi province, China, and is 85 km (53 miles) northwest from Xi’an, formerly the Tang capital. Built by 684 (with additional construction until 706), the tombs of the mausoleum complex houses the remains of various members of the royal Li family. This includes Emperor Gaozong of Tang (r. 649–683), as well as his wife, the Zhou Dynasty usurper and China’s first (and only) governing empress Wu Zetian (r. 690–705).
The mausoleum is renowned for its many Tang Dynasty stone statues located above ground and the mural paintings adorning the subterranean walls of the tombs. Besides the main tumulus mound and underground tomb of Gaozong and Wu Zetian, there is a total of 17 smaller attendant tombs or peizang mu. Presently, only 5 of these attendant tombs have been excavated by archaeologists, three belonging to members of the royal family, one to a chancellor of China, and the other to a general of the left guard.
Location
The mausoleum is located on Mount Liang, north of the Wei River, and 1,049 m (3,442 ft) above sea level. The grounds of the mausoleum are flanked by Leopard Valley to the east and Sand Canyon to the west. Although there are tumulus mounds to demarcate where each tomb is located, most of the tomb structures are subterranean. The tumulus mounds on the southern peaks are called Naitoshan or “Nipple Hills”, due to their resemblance to the shape of nipples. The Nipple Hills, with towers erected on the top of each to accentuate the hills’ name, form a sort of gateway into Qianling Mausoleum. The main tumulus mound is on the northern peak; it is the tallest of the mounds and is the burial place of Gaozong and Wu Zetian.
Halfway up this northern peak, the builders of the site dug a 61 m (200 ft) long and 4 m (13 ft) wide tunnel into the rock of the mountain that leads to the inner tomb chambers located deep within the mountain. The complex was originally enclosed by two walls, the remains of which have been discovered today, including what was four gatehouses of the inner wall. The inner wall was 2.4 m (7.8 ft) thick, with a total perimeter of 5920 m (19,422 ft) enclosing a trapezoidal area of 240,000 m2 (787,400 ft2). Only some corner parts of the outer wall have been discovered. During the Tang Dynasty there were hundreds of residential houses that surrounded Qianling, inhabited by families that maintained the grounds and buildings of the mausoleum. The remains of some of these houses have since been discovered. The building foundation of the timber offering hall situated at the south gate of the mausoleum’s inner wall has also been discovered.
History
Following his death in 683, Emperor Gaozong’s mausoleum complex was completed in 684. After the death of Wu Zetian, she was interred in a joint burial with Gaozong at Qianling on July 2, 706. Tang Dynasty funerary epitaphs in the tombs of her son Li Xián (Crown Prince Zhanghuai, 654–684), grandson Li Chongrun (Prince of Shao, posthumously honored Crown Prince Yide, 682–701), and granddaughter Li Xianhui (Lady Yongtai, posthumously honored Princess Yongtai, 684–701) of the mausoleum are inscribed with the date of burial as 706 AD, allowing historians to accurately date the structures and artwork of the tombs.
In fact, this Sui and Tang Dynasty practice of interring an epitaph that records the person’s name, rank, and dates of death and burial wasconsistent amongst tombs for the imperial family and high court officials. Both the Book of Tang and New Book of Tang record that in the year 706 Wu Zetian’s son Emperor Zhongzong of Tang (r. 684, 705–710, Li Chongrun’s and Li Xianhui’s father and Li Xián’s brother) exonerated the victims of Wu Zetian’s political purges and provided them with honorable burials, including the two princes and princess mentioned above. Besides the attendant tombs of these royal family members, two others that have been excavated belonging to Chancellor Xue Yuanchao (622–683) and General of the Left Guard Li Jinxing.
The five attendant tombs mentioned above were opened and excavated in the 1960s and early 1970s. In March 1995, there was an organized petition to the government about efforts to finally excavate Gaozong and Wu Zetian’s tomb.
Spirit path
Leading into the mausoleum is a spirit path, which is flanked on both sides with stone statues like the later tombs of the Song Dynasty and Ming Dynasty Tombs. The Qianling statues include horses, winged horses, horses with grooms, lions, ostriches, officials, and foreign envoys. The khan of the Western Turks presented an ostrich to the Tang court in 620 and the Tushara Kingdom sent another in 650; in carved reliefs of Qianling dated c. 683, traditional Chinese phoenixes are modelled on the body of ostriches.
Historian Tonia Eckfeld states that the artistic emphasis on the exotic foreign tribute of the ostrich at the mausoleum was “a sign of the greatness of China and the Chinese emperor, not of the foreigners who sent them, or of the places from which they came”. Eckfeld also asserts that the 61 statues of foreign diplomats sculpted in the 680s represents the “far-reaching power and international standing” of the Tang Dynasty.
These statues, now headless, represent the actual foreign diplomats who were present at Gaozong’s funeral. Historian Angela Howard notes that along the spirit paths of the auxiliary tombs—such as Li Xianhui’s—the statues are smaller, of lesser quality, and fewer in number than the main spirit path of Qianling leading to Gaozong and Wu’s burial. Besides the statues, there are also flanking sets of octagonal stone pillars meant to ward off evil spirits. A 6.3 m (20.7 ft) tall, tiered stele dedicated to Gaozong is also located along the path, with a written inscription commemorating his achievements; this is flanked by Wu Zetian’s stele which has no written inscriptions. An additional stele by the main tumulus was erected by Emperor Qianlong (r. 1735–1796) during the mid Qing Dynasty.
Tombs
The tombs thus far excavated for Li Xian, Li Chongrun, and Li Xianhui are all decorated with mural paintings and feature multiple shaft entrances and arched chambers. The tomb of Li Xian also features real fully-stone doors, a tomb trend apparent in the Han and Western Jin Dynasties that became more common by the time of the Northern Qi. The stylistic stone door of Lou Rui’s tomb of 570 closely resembles that of Tang stone doors, such as the one in Li Xian’s tomb. The tomb chambers of Emperor Gaozong and Empress Wu are located deep within Mount Liang, a trend that was set by Emperor Taizong of Tang (r. 626–649) with his burial at Mount Jiuzong. Of the 18 emperors of the Tang Dynasty, 14 of these had natural mountains serving as the earthen mounds for their tombs. Only members of the imperial family were allowed to have their tombs located within natural mountains; tombs for officials and nobles featured man-made tumulus mounds and tomb chambers that were totally underground. Children of the emperor were allowed to have truncated tumulus mounds as their burial place, but officials were only allowed conical-shaped pyramids for their burial sites.
The conical pyramids of officials were allowed to have one wall surrounding it, but only one gate—positioned to the south—was permitted. The attendant tombs thus far excavated at Qianling feature truncated pyramid mounds above underground chambers that are approached by declining diagonal ramps with ground-level entrances. There are six vertical shafts for the ramps of each of these tombs which allowed goods to be lowered into the side niches of the ramps. The main hall of these underground tombs leads to two four-sided brick-laden burial chambers connected by a short corridor; these chambers feature domed ceilings. Unlike many other Tang Dynasty tombs, the treasures within the tombs of the Qianling Mausoleum were never stolen by grave robbers. In fact, in Li Chongrun’s tomb alone, there were found over a thousand items of gold, copper, iron, ceramic figurines, three-glaze colored figurines, and three-glaze pottery wares.
Murals
Historian Mary H. Fong states that the tomb murals in the subterranean halls of Li Xian’s, Li Chongrun’s, and Li Xianhui’s tombs are representative of anonymous but professional tomb decorators rather than renowned court painters of handscrolls. Although primarily funerary art, Fong asserts that these Tang tomb murals are “sorely needed references” to the sparse amount of description offered in Tang era documents about painting, such as the Tang Chao minghua lu (‘Celebrated Painters of the Tang Dynasty’) by Zhu Jingxuan in the 840s and the Lidai Minghua ji (‘A Record of the Famous Painters of the Successive Dynasties’) by Zhang Yanyuan in 847. Fong also asserts that the painting skill of portraying “animation through spirit consonance” or qiyun shendong—an art critique associated with renowned Tang painters like Yan Liben, Zhou Fang, and Chen Hong—was achieved by the anonymous Tang tomb painters. Fong writesThe “Palace Guard” and the “Two Seated Attendants” from Prince Zhang Huai’s tomb are especially outstanding in this respect. Not only are the relative differences in age achieved but it is evident that the robust guard officer who stands at attention displays an attitude of respectful self-assurance; and the seated pair are deeply engrossed in a serious conversation.
Another important feature in the murals of the tomb was the representation of architecture. Although there are numerous examplesof existing Tang stone and brick pagoda towers for architectural historians to examine, there are only six remaining wooden halls that have survived from the 8th and 9th centuries. Only the rammed earth foundations of the great palaces of the Tang capital at Chang’an have survived.
However, some of the mural scenes of timber architecture in Li Chongrun’s tomb at Qianling have been suggested by historians as representative of the Eastern Palace, residence of the crown prince during the Tang. According to historian Fu Xinian, not only do the murals of Li Chongrun’s tomb represent buildings of the Tang capital, but also “the number of underground chambers, ventilation shafts, compartments, and air wells have been seen as indications of the number of courtyards, main halls, rooms, and corridors in residences of tomb occupants when they were alive.” The underground hall of the descending ramp approaching Li Chongrun’s tomb chambers as well as the gated entrance to the front chamber feature murals of multiple-bodied que gate towers similar to those whose foundations were excavated at Chang’an.
